Undivided ownership is a legal term that refers to a situation in which several people own one or more properties together. This form of collective ownership can be found in various situations, such as succession or the acquisition of real estate. The property concerned may be real or personal property. In an undivided ownership, each person who participates in the ownership of the property is called an undivided co-owner.
The articles of the French Civil Code that define joint ownership are articles 815 and following. These articles set out the rules relating to the collective ownership of one or more assets, the rights and obligations of the undivided co-owners, the management of the undivided assets and the rules of sharing in case of exit from the indivision.
When a person dies, if there are several heirs, the property of the succession is in undivided ownership, which is called indivision of the succession. They will remain in undivided ownership until the partition. The indivision allows the property to be held in common, temporarily or permanently.
During the period of indivision, the heirs must manage the property together pending a decision on division. This is particularly useful if the property in question is not easily divisible, such as a business or farm. In this case, undivided ownership allows the business and income generated by the property to continue until a division is decided.
Prenons un exemple simple: une femme de 87 ans décède, laissant à ses 2 enfants son patrimoine qui se constitue d’une maison, un studio et un compte épargne. Chaque enfant se retrouve propriétaire en indivision d’une part de ces 3 biens, à hauteur de 50%.
It is possible to form an undivided ownership for the acquisition of a property. In the case of a joint purchase, the joint ownership system is automatically applied, without any particular formality. This is the case for a married couple, but it can also be useful for example for friends or family members who wish to buy a house or an apartment together.
Each undivided co-owner holds a share of the property, which is generally proportional to the amount of the financing (except for a couple married in universal community, for which the undivided ownership will be in equal shares). Joint ownership is different from co-ownership, since the joint owner holds all the rights to the property, whereas a co-owner holds rights to a part of the property (for example an apartment in a building).
The formation of an undivided ownership can allow to better spread the financial risks related to the purchase of a property. Indeed, in case of financial difficulties for one of the undivided co-owners, the others can continue to assume the expenses related to the property. In addition, the formation of an undivided interest can facilitate the management of the property, especially if the undivided co-owners intend to use the property for common purposes, such as seasonal rental or as a secondary residence.
As proposed by Dillan, it is possible to make a partial sale of one's property, for example to obtain liquidity while continuing to live at home. In this case, an undivided property regime is established with the partial purchaser of the property. In this situation, it is recommended that a joint ownership agreement be drawn up before a notary to govern the operation of the partnership. The formation of such an undivided ownership is the result of a mutual desire to join forces.
Selon l’article 815 du Code Civil: « Nul ne peut être contraint à demeurer dans l’indivision et le partage peut toujours être provoqué, à moins qu’il n’y ait été sursis par jugement ou convention ». Il existe plusieurs moyens de sortir de l'indivision, qui dépendent notamment du contexte et des circonstances spécifiques de chaque situation :
In short, to get out of indivision, it is often necessary to find an agreement between the undivided co-owners or to resort to legal proceedings to obtain an equitable division of the common property. It is recommended that you call on the services of a notary or a lawyer to help you choose the solution best suited to your situation and to accompany you in the necessary steps.
Undivided co-owners are persons who own a common property together without owning separate shares and without being able to dispose of it alone. Within this framework, each undivided co-owner has rights and obligations that should be known.
Tout d'abord, chaque indivisaire a le droit d'utiliser le bien commun, mais sous réserve de ne pas en empêcher les autres indivisaires. Ainsi, aucun indivisaire ne peut prendre une décision qui empêcherait les autres indivisaires d'utiliser le bien, et chacun doit respecter les droits des autres. Si un seul indivisaire utilise le bien, il est possible de prévoir le versement d’une indemnité d’occupation.
Les indivisaires ont l'obligation de contribuer aux dépenses liées à la détention du bien commun. Ces dépenses peuvent comprendre les charges courantes, les travaux d'entretien ou de rénovation, les impôts fonciers ou les intérêts d'emprunts liés à l'acquisition du bien commun.
Each undivided co-owner can carry out conservatory acts (i.e. measures necessary for the conservation of the property) without the agreement of the others. For administrative acts, a 2/3 majority is required. To sell the property (except if the purpose of the sale is to pay the debts and charges of the undivided ownership), the agreement of all the undivided owners is required.
Finally, the undivided co-owners may be held liable for debts related to the common property. Thus, if the property is subject to seizure or legal proceedings, each undivided co-owner is held jointly and severally liable for the debts related to the property.
La gestion d'une indivision peut être complexe et source de conflits entre les indivisaires. Voici quelques éléments clés pour bien gérer une indivision:
An undivided co-ownership agreement is a contract that allows the undivided co-owners to define the rules of operation of the undivided property. It is concluded between all the undivided co-owners and can be established at the beginning of the indivision or at any time during its duration. If real estate is involved, the indivision agreement must be drawn up by a notary.
What is the duration of the undivided co-ownership agreement? It can be established for a fixed term of up to 5 years, renewable, or for an indeterminate term.
This agreement makes it possible to regulate the terms of management of the property, such as the appointment of a manager, the distribution of expenses or the terms of decision-making. It can also define the rules in case of exit of a joint owner or sale of the property.
The undivided co-ownership agreement is an effective means of preventing conflicts between the undivided co-owners, by making it possible to clearly define the rules for managing the common property.
L'indivision se présente uniquement lorsque les héritiers partagent des droits identiques sur un même bien. Par exemple, elle survient si deux enfants détiennent conjointement la nue-propriété, c'est-à-dire le droit de gérer un bien (comme le vendre ou le donner) d'une maison.
En cas de convention d'indivision à durée indéterminée, aucun co-indivisaire ne peut contraindre à la vente du bien pour récupérer sa part, une situation pouvant potentiellement mener à des désaccords.
La convention d'indivision peut être établie pour une période fixe, renouvelable jusqu'à 5 ans, ou pour une durée indéfinie. Pour administrer l'indivision, vous et les autres héritiers avez la possibilité de désigner l'un de vous ou une tierce personne.
Les indivisaires ont la possibilité de décider de rester en indivision et de conserver les biens en commun.